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may be that it looks like an adverb as it ends in -ly. This is confusing as most adverbs end in -ly, but costly is an exception and is an adjective. Compare the following uses and collocations in these examples: " It was an expensive suit, but if you want to work for this firm, you have to dress well. " These are very nice. ~ They're a bit too dear / expensive, I'm afraid. Haven't you got anything cheaper? " Agatha is a dear friend of mine. She is so kind and gentle in everything she does. " Oh dear! I've forgotten to bring my ID and I shan't be allowed to take the IELTS test. " It was a costly mistake and it meant I wouldn't have another chance until the autumn. Dearly Dearly can only be used as an adverb and normally collocates with the verbs love / like and in this sense means a lot or very much: " He's such a nice man. I love him dearly. " I would dearly like / love to be in your shoes and to have the whole summer free to travel around Europe. Common adjectives ending in -ly There are not very many, but other common adjectives apart from costly ending in - ly include: friendly, lively, lovely, silly, ugly, unlikely: " It was a lively party and there were lots of very friendly people there. " He was really quite ugly and unlikely to succeed in the blind date competition. Adverbs formed by adding -ly As you no doubt know, most adverbs are formed by adding -ly to the adjective: " He is a slow and careful driver. He drives slowly and carefully. 43 " I'm going to give a house a thorough clean. I'm going to thoroughly clean the house. But note that we cannot form adverbs in this way when the adjective ends in -ly. We cannot say: friendlily or uglily or sillily. We have to find some other way of modifying the verb, e.g.: " They greeted us in a very friendly / silly manner. Adjective and adverb with the same form A number of adverbs have the same form as adjectives. The most common include: hard, fast, straight, early: " I know he has a fast car, but he doesn't need to drive so fast. " It's hard work, but if you work hard and really concentrate, you'll finish it by bedtime. " I caught the early bus to be sure of arriving early. " The Aurelian Way is a very straight Roman road which goes straight from Rome to Pisa. Adverbs with two forms Some adverbs have two forms. Sometimes there is a difference in meaning. Sometimes there is not very much difference. Compare the following: " I haven't seen very much of you lately (lately = recently). " You always seem to come home late from work.(late = arriving after the expected time) " Mary can jump really high on the trampoline.(high = vertical distance) " Yesterday she jumped right off it. It was highly amusing. (highly = very) " Alfonso can eat free in the restaurant where he works. (free = without paying) " You can speak freely. Nobody can hear us. (freely = without feeling restricted) " Can you please be waiting for me outside at nine o' clock sharp? (sharp = punctually) " I thought she spoke to him rather sharply. (sharply = in a harsh tone) 44 " Don't talk so loud. Everybody in the room can hear you. (loud = informal usage) " Jonathan spoke loudly and convincingly about the advantages of leasing rather than buying cars. (loudly = more formal usage) Likely / likely that / likely to Reinhard Hoffman from Germany writes: I would like to ask you about the meaning and grammatical construction of the phrase likely to be hard pressed to in the following sentence: & this region is one of the least developed in China and the authorities are likely to be hard pressed to respond to the disaster. likely Likely is most often used as an adjective, meaning probable, (opposites unlikely / improbable). If something is likely, it is probably going to happen: " The most likely cause of the fire in the stadium was an unextinguished cigarette " The most likely outcome to the investigation is that the stadium will have to be rebuilt. With the modifiers most, quite or very, likely is also sometimes used as an adverb, meaning most probably: " They'll quite likely invite you out to eat in a restaurant when you're staying with them. it's likely that + clause Likely is quite often used with it as a preparatory subject: " It's unlikely that this afternoon's session will last very long. It should be over by five o' clock. " It's more than likely that I shall see Chris in Cambridge. I am almost certain to bump into him, in fact. be likely to + infinitive 45 As an alternative, we can use the be unlikely to + infinitive construction with a normal subject, but probable cannot be used in this way: " This afternoon's session is unlikely to last very long. " I'm unlikely to be back late from the meeting. " Are you likely to be staying in when you get back? It is this realisation of likely that is used in your example, Reinhard: " The authorities are likely to be hard pressed to respond to the disaster. Note that if we wanted to use probably as an alternative in these examples, it would need to re-phrase them as follows: " This afternoon's session will probably finish quite early. " I shall probably be back quite early from the meeting. " Will you probably stay in when you get back? " The authorities will probably be hard pressed to respond to the disaster. hard pressed / pushed If you are hard pressed or hard pushed to do something, you experience great difficulty in doing it. Being pressed suggests being under pressure: " It seems to me that the Labour government will be hard pressed to win the next election. " We were hard pushed to complete all the preparations before the guests arrived. Use of the adverb hard here suggests a lot of force being used against you. Note that hard also sometimes suggests physical force: This door is inclined to stick, but if you push it hard, it will open. pressed for time / money / etc Pressed also collocates with time and money and other ideas in a similar way to hard pressed, suggesting difficulty: " Are you pressed for time? If not, I suggest we have some lunch. " This one's worn out. Why don't you buy a new one? ~ I'm a bit pressed for cash at the moment. " It's not really her subject, but she says she could teach beginners Spanish if we're really pressed. participles as adjectives 46 I am confused as to when I can use participles as adjectives. Let me give you an example. I can say: I saw a barking dog. Here the present participle barking is used as an adjective. But I can't say: I saw a barked dog, using the past participle as an adjective. Why not? Thanks. [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ] |
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